Industry 4.0 and industry 5.0: can clusters deal with the challenges? (A systemic approach)

Purpose The purpose of this conceptual paper is to substantiate the idea that clusters will cope with the challenges of Industry 4.0, Industry 5.0 and remain one of the drivers for the development of the local economy. Design/methodology/approach For the preparation of this paper, the author reviewed the literature on Cluster 4.0, Industry 4.0, Industry 5.0, green and blue recovery, as well as the future of jobs and systems. Data, reports and surveys (UN, OECD, World Economic Forum, McKinsey Global Institute, D2L, etc.) were analysed in detail, in order to create a clear picture related to the research topic. The opinions expressed in the article are depicted graphically, and were developed by the author. Findings First, predictions on Industry 4.0 challenges are outlined, and the reasons as to why clusters are expected to succeed in the digital era are substantiated;second, the direction of development in the digital era is depicted in a two-dimensional plane;and third, the direction of development in digital era within the clusters is graphically presented as a system. Originality/value For this purpose, the author has developed a new approach to connect clusters and digitalisation with the self-designed graphical images.

Teleworking and the jobs of tomorrow

Teleworking’s popularity as a flexible working arrangement has been on the rise. Today, it is a hot topic of discussion among employees and employers alike. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the popularity of this trend and has convinced many that teleworking is here to stay. This review article aims to describe the characteristics of teleworking pre- and post-pandemic and shed light on future challenges and opportunities. Empirical evidence promotes a favourable association between teleworking and benefits to employers’ profitability and employees’ health and well-being. Nevertheless, some employees have experienced a negative impact on their health due to teleworking, primarily due to ergonomics, and higher levels of stress, anxiety and loneliness. The overall conclusion shows that with proper job design, leadership and organisational support and adequate information communication technology (ICT), teleworking will be central to the future of jobs.